The Art of Massage J. H. Kellogg, M.D. 1895   THE GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY, NAMES, NERVE SUPPLY, AND ACTIONS OF THE MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN BODY.  
 
    Physiology of the Muscles. - The following brief summary of the physiology of the muscles, while, incomplete, will assist somewhat in understanding the relation of these structures, with which massage deals so directly, to other bodily organs:
    1. Muscular action is allied to ciliary and amoeboid movements.
    2. The source of muscular energy is the oxidation of glycogen stored in the muscles.
    3. During work, the amount of oxygen absorbed and the amount of C02 given off by the muscles, is very greatly increased; hence respiratory activity is increased.
    4. Muscular activity is accompanied by the production of heat; the muscles are the principal seat of heat production in the body. The thermic activities of the muscles are dependent, not only upon muscular activity, but also upon nerve control, through the heat-centers of the central nervous system.
    5. Muscular activity is usually excited by nervous impulses received by the muscle at the rate of about ten per second.
    6. The muscle has an independent excitability which induces contraction, as the result, of 'the application of chemical substances, cold, electricity, and mechanical stimulus.
    7. Acids and excessive heat produce stiffening of the muscles.
    8. A single voluntary muscular movement may be made in one sixteenth of a second.
    9. Contraction from electrical stimulation occurs more quickly than from voluntary effort.
    10. With contraction of a muscle, contraction of the opposing muscle occurs simultaneously,
beginning slightly later.
    11. Voluntary contraction is allied to tetanus.
    12. Tetanus is produced by electrical applications in which the current is interrupted at the rate of twenty or more per second.
    13. Muscular contraction is propagated along the muscle at the rate of forty feet per second.
    14. Muscles are most perfect machines. The best steam engine utilizes only one eighth of the force contained in the fuel as work, seven eighths appearing as heat. A muscle produces one fifth work and four fifths heat.
    15. The amount of work a muscle can do is proportioned to its transverse section.
    16. A human muscle is able to lift .125 pounds for each square inch in area of its transverse section.
    17. Muscular strength varies at different periods of life. A new-born infant is able to sustain its own weight for 24 seconds by grasping a stick with its hands.  The strength of adult men and women, in relation to the body weight, is shown in Table I.
    18. The weight of the muscles in proportion to the body weight varies at different ages, being 23.40 per cent of the body weight of a new-born babe, and 43.10 per cent of the body weight in adults.
    19. The amount of work done by a laboring man in eight hours is about two million foot-pounds.
    20. Fatigue is the result of the accumulation, within the muscle, of the poisonous products of work; the muscle is rested when these products are removed.
 

NAME	NERVE	ACTION
Head and Face
Occipito-frontalis	Posterior auricular, small occipital, facial	Moves scalp and wrinkles forehead
Attollens aurem	Occipitalis minor	Raises ear
Attrahens aurem	Facial	Advances ear
Retrahens aurem	Posterior auricular	Retracts ear
Orbicularis palpebrarum	Facial	Closes eyelids
Corrugator supercilii	Facial	Draws eyebrows down and in
Tensor tarsi	Facial	Compresses puncta and lachrymal sac
Levator palpebrs superior	Third	Raises upper lid
Rectus superior (eye)	Third	Rotates eyeball upward
Rectus inferior (eye)	Third	Rotates eyeball downward
Rectus internus (eye)	Third	Rotates eyeball inward
Rectus externus (eye)	Sixth	Rotates eyeball outward
Obliquus superior (eye)	Fourth	Rotates eyeball down and out
Obliquus inferior (eye)	Third	Rotates eyeball up and out
Pyramidalis nasi	Facial	Depresses eyebrow
Levavator labii superioris alseque nasi	Facial	Elevates upper lip, dilates nostril.
Dilator naris posterior	Facial	Dilates nostril
Dilator naris anterior	Facial	Dilates nostril
Compressor nasi	Facial	Contracts nostril
Compressor narium minor	Facial	Contracts nostril
Depressor alae nast	Facial	Contracts nostril
Levator labii superioris	Facial	Elevates upper lip
Levator anguli oris	Facial	Elevates angle of mouth
Zygomaticus major	Facial	Draws upper lip backward and upward
Zygomaticus minor	Facial	Draws upper lip backward and up-ward
Levator labii inferioris	Facial	Elevates lower lip
Depressor labii inferioris	Facial	Depresses lower lip
Depressor anguli oris	Facial	Depresses angle of mouth
Buccinator	Inferior maxillary	Compresses cheeks
Risorius	Facial	Draws angle of mouth outward
Orbicularis oris	Facial	Closes mouth
Masseter	Inferior maxillary	Mastication, molars
Temporal	Inferior maxillary	Mastication, incisors
Pterygoedus externus	Inferior maxillary	Moves lower jaw forward
Pterygoidus internus	Inferior maxillary	Raises and advances inferior maxillary
Neck
Platysma myoides	Facial and superficial cervical	Wrinkles skin and depresses mouth
Sterno-cleido-mastoid	Spinal accessory and cervical plexus	Depresses and rotates head
Sterno-hyoid	Descendens and communicans noni	Depresses hyoid
Sterno-thyroid	Descendens and communicaus noni	Depresses larynx
Thyro-hyoid	Hypoglossal	Elevates larynx
Omo-hyoid	Descendens and communicans noni	Depresses and retracts hyoid
Digastric	Inferior dental (facial)	Elevates hyoid and tongue
Stylo-hyoid	Facial	Elevates and retracts hyoid
Mylo-hyiod	Inferior dental	Elevates and advances hyoid, forms floor of mouth
Genio-hyoid	Hypoglossal	Elevates and advances hyoid
Genio-hyo-glossus	Hypoglossal	Retracts and protrudes tongue
Hyo-glossus	Hypoglossal	Depresses side of tongue
Lingualis	Chorda tympani	Elevates center of tongue
Stylo-glossus	Hypoglossal	Elevates and retracts tongue
Palato-glossus	Meckel's ganglion	Draws base of tongue upward
Constrictor inferior	Glosso-pharyngeal, pharyngeal plexus, and external and recurrent laryng'l.	Contracts fauces
Constrictor medius	Glosso-pharyngeal and glosso-pharyngeal plexus	Contracts fauces
Constrictor superior	Glosso-pharyngeal and pharyngeal plexus	Contracts pharynx
Stylo-pharyngeus	Glosso-pharyngeal and pharyngeal plexus	Elevates pharynx
Palato-pharyngeus	Heckel's ganglion	Closes posterior nares
Levator palati	Reckel's ganglion (facial)	Elevates soft palate
Tensor palati	Otic ganglion	Renders palate tense
Azygos uvulae	Heckel's ganglion (facial)	Raises uvula
Rectus capitus anticus major	Cervical plexus	Flexes neck backward
Rectus capitus anticus minor	Cervical plexus	Flexes neck backward
Rectus lateralis	Cervical plexus	Moves head laterally
Longus colli	Lower cervical	Flexes cervical spine
Scalenus anticus	Lower cervical	Flexes neck laterally
Scalenus medius	Lower cervical	Flexes neck laterally
Scalenus posticus	Lower cervical.	Flexes neck laterally
Back
Trapezius	Spinal accessory and cervical plexus	Draws head backward and elevates shoulders
Latissimus dorsi	Subscapular	Draws arm backward and downward
Levator anguli scapulae	Third and fourth cervical	Elevates upper angle of scapula
Rhomboideus minor	Fifth cervical	Retracts and elevates scapula
Rhomboideus major	Fifth cervical	Elevates and retracts scapula
Serratus posticus superior	Posterior branches of cervical	Raises ribs in inspiration
Serratus posticus inferior	Posterior branches of dorsal	Depresses ribs in expiration
Splenius capitus et colli	Posterior branches of cervical	Rotates head and holds it erect
Splenius colli	Posterior branches of cervical	Rotates head and holds it erect
Erector spinae	Lumbar and dorsal	Holds spine erect
Sacro-lumbalis	Branches of dorsal	Erects trunk and flexes it backward
Musculus accessorius ad sacro-lumbalem	Branches of dorsal	Erects trunk and flexes it backward
Longissimus dorsi	Branches of lumbar and dorsal	Erects trunk and flexes it backward
Spinalis dorsi	Dorsal branches	Erects spinal column
Cervicalis ascendens	Branches of cervical	Holds head erect and raises upper ribs
Tranaversalis colli	Branches of cervical	Holds head erect
Trachelo-mastoid	Branches of cervical	Steadies head
Complexus	Sub-occipital, great occipital, and branches of cervical	Retracts and rotates head
Biventer cervicis	(The same as for complexus)	Retracts and rotates head
Semispinalis dorsi	Branches of dorsal	Erects spinal column
Semispinalis colli	Cervical branches	Erects spinal column
Multifidus spinae	Posterior spinal branches	Erects and rotates spinal column
Rotatores spinae	Dorsal branches of spine	Rotate spinal column
Supraspinales	Posterior cervical	Approximate spinous processes
Interspinales	Posterior cervical	Approximate spinous processes
Extensor coccygis	Sacral branches	Extends coccyx
Intertransversales	Posterior spinal nerves	Approximate transverse processes
Rectus capitis posticus major	Sub. occipital	Rotates head
Rectus capitis posticus minor	Sub. occipital	Draws head backward
Obliquus capitis superior	Sub. occipital	Draws head backward
Obliquus capitis inferior	Sub. and great occipital	Rotates head
Abdomen
Obliquus externus	Intercostal, ilio-hypogastric, ilio-in-guinal	Compresses viscera and flexes thorax
Obliquus internus	Intercostal, ilio-hypogastric, ilio-in-guinal	Compresses viscera and flexes thorax
Transversalis	Intercostal, ilio-hypogastric, ilio-in-guinal	Compresses viscera and flexes thorax
Rectus abdominis	Intercostal, ilio-hypogastric, ilio-in-guinal	Compresses viscera and flexes thorax
Pyramidalis	Ilio-hypogastric	Renders linea alba tense
Quadratus lumborum	Lumbar	Flexes thorax laterally
Thorax
Intercostales externi	Intercostal	Depress ribs in expiration
Intercostales interni	Intercostal	Raise ribs in inspiration
Intracostales	Intercostal	Inspiration
Triangularis sterni	Intercostal	Expiration
Levatores costarum	Intercostal	Raise ribs
Diaphragm	Phrenic	Inspiration
Shoulder
Pectoralls major	Anterior thoracic	Draws arm down and forward
Pectoralis minor	Anterior thoracic	Depresses point of shoulder
Subclavius	Fifth and sixth cervical	Depresses shoulder
Serratus magnus	Posterior thoracic	Raises shoulder and elevates ribs in inspiration
Deltoid	Circumflex	Raises arm
Subscapularis	Subscapular	Rotates humerus inward
Supraspinatus	Suprascapular	Supports shoulder joint, raises arm
Infraspinatus	Suprascapular	Rotates humerus outward
Teres minor	Circumflex	Rotates humerus outward
Teres major	Subscapular	Draws arm down and back
Arm
Coraco-brachialis	Musculo-cutaneous	Draws arm forward and inward
Biceps	Musculo-cutaneous	Flexes and supinates forearm
Brachialis anticus	Musculo-cutaneous, musculo-spiral	Flexes forearm
Triceps	Musculo-spiral	Extends forearm
Subaneoneus	Musculo-spiral	Tensor of posterior ligament of elbow
Forearm
Pronator radii teres	Median	Pronates hand
Flexor carpi radialis	Median	Flexes wrist
Palmaris longus	Median	Tenses palmar fascia
Flexor carpi ulnaris	Ulnar	Flexes wrist
Flexor sublimus digitorum	Median	Flexes second phalanges
Flexor profundus digitorum	Ulnar and anterior interosseus	Flexes the phalanges
Flexor longus pollicis	Anterior interosseus	Flexes last phalanx of thumb
Pronator quadratus	Anterior interosseus	Pronates hand
Supinator longus	Musculo-spiral	Supinates hand
Extensor carpi radialis longior	Musoulo-spiral	Extends wrist
Extensor carpi radialis brevior	Posterior interosseus	Extends wrist
Extensor communis digitorum	Posterior Interosseus	Extends fingers
Extensor minimi digiti	Posterior interosseus	Extensor of little finger
Extensor carpi ulnaris	Posterior interosseus	Extends wrist
Anconeus	Musculo-spiral	Extends forearm
Supinator brevis	Posterior interosseus	Supinates hand
Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis	Posterior interosseus	Extends thumb
Extensor primi internodii pollicis	Posterior interosseus	Extends thumb
Extensor secundi internodii pollicis	Posterior interosseus	Extends thumb
Extensor indicis	Posterior interosseus	Extends index
Abductor pollicis	Median	Draws thumb from median line
Flexor ossis metacarpi pollicis (oppon).	Median	Flexes thumb
Flexor brevis pollicis	Median and ulnar	Flexes thumb
Hand
Adductor pollicis	Ulnar	Draws thumb to median line
Palmaris brevis	Ulnar	Corrugates skin of palm
Abductor minimi digiti	Ulnar	Abductor of little finger
Flexor brevis minimi digiti	Ulnar	Flexes little finger
Flexor minimi digiti (opponens)	Ulnar	Flexes little finger
Lumbricales	Median and ulnar	Flexes first phalanges and extend second and third
Interossel palmaris	Ulnar	Abduct fingers
Interossei dorsales	Ulnar	Abduct fingers, flex first phalanges, and extend second and third
Lower Extremity
Psoas magnus	Lumbar	Flexes and rotates thigh outward and flexes trunk on pelvis
Psoas parvus	Lumbar	Tensor of iliac fascia
Iliacus	Anterior crural	Flexes femur and rotates it outward
Hip
Gluteus maximus	Small sciatic and sacral plexus	Extends and abducts thigh and rotates it outward
Gluteus medius	Superior gluteal	Rotates outward and inward, abducts, extends, and flexes thigh
Gluteus minimus	Superior gluteal	Rotates outward and inward, abducts, extends, and flexes thigh
Pyriformis	Sacral	Rotates thigh outward, abducts it, and tilts pelvis forward
Gemellus superior	Sacral	Rotates thigh outward and abducts it
Obturator internus	Sacral	Rotates thigh outward and tilts pelvis forward
Gemellus inferior	Sacral	Rotates thigh outward and abducts it
Obturator externus	Obturator	Rotates thigh outward and tilts pelvis forward
Quadratus fernoris.	Sacral	Abducts thigh and rotates it outward
Biceps	Great sciatic	Flexes leg and rotates it outward
Semitendinosus	Great sciatic	Flexes leg on thigh, and rotates it in-ward
Semimembranosus	Great sciatic	Flexes leg and rotates it inward
Thigh
Tensor vaginae femoris	Superior gluteal	Tensor of fascia lata
Sartorius	Anterior crural	Flexes thigh and rotates it outward
Rectus femoris	Anterior crural	Extends leg
Vastus externus	Anterior crural	Extends leg
Vastus internus	Anterior crural	Extends leg
Crureus	Anterior crural	Extends leg
Quadriceps extensor (includes four preceding muscles)
Subcrureus	Anterior crural	Acts with crureus
Gracilis	Obturator	Flexes and adducts thigh and rotates it outward
Pectineus	Anterior crural, obturator	Flexes and adducts thigh and rotates it outward
Adductor longus	Obturator	Adducts and flexes thigh
Adductor brevis	Obturator	Adducts and flexes thigh
Adductor magnus	Obturator and great sciatic	Adducts thigh and rotates it outward
Leg
Tibialis anticus	Anterior tibial	Flexes ankle aand elevates inner border of foot
Extensor longus digitorum	Anterior tibial	Extends toes and flexes ankle
Extensor proprius pollicis	Anterior tibial	Extends toes and flexes ankle
Peroneus tertius	Anterior tibial	Flexes tarsus and raises outer border of foot
Gastrocnemius	Internal popliteal	Extends foot
Plantaris	Internal popliteal	Tenses plantar fascia
Soleus	Internal popliteal	Extends foot
Popliteus	Internal popliteal	Flexes leg and rotates it inward
Flexor longus pollicis	Posterior tibial	Flexes great toe
Flexor longus digitorum	Posterior tibial	Flexes phalanges and extends foot
Tibialis posticus	Posterior tibial	Extends ankle and turns sole inward
Peroneus longus	Musculo-cutaneous	Extends and everts foot
Peroneus brevis	Musculo-cutaneous	Extends foot
Foot
Extensor brevis digitorum	Anterior tibial	Extends toes
Abductor pollicis	Internal plantar	Abducts great toe, flexes first phalanx, and extends second
Flexor brevis digitorum	Internal plantar	Flexes lesser toes
Abductor minimi digiti	External plantar	Abducts little toe
Flexor accessorius	External plantar	Accessory flexor of toes
Lumbricales	Internal and external plantar	Flex first phalanges and extend last two
Flexor brevis pollicis	Internal plantar	Flexes first phalanx of great toe and extends second
Adductor pollicis	External plantar	Adducts great toe and extends first and second phalanx
Flexor brevis minimi digiti	External plantar	Flexes first phalanx of little toe and extends second
Transversus pedis	External plantar	Adducts great toe
Interossei dorsal	External plantar	Abduct toes
Interossei	External plantar	Adduct toes

 
    The foregoing table has been arranged with much care and with special reference to the needs of thestudentof massage. It is believed to be the most complete and correct resume of the sort which has ever been published embodying, as it does, the results of the very latest studies and authoritative statements relating to the nerve supply and actions of the various muscles of the body. The student of massage who desires to place himself in the front rank of his profession as a masseur, will find it not only profitable, but essential, to make a careful study of this table, and to become familiar with the facts which it very succinctly presents.  The grouping of the muscles of the several regions of the body renders it convenient to study each section by itself, and by the aid of Plates V to X and XIII, it will not be found difficult to form a very correct idea of the precise location and outline of each particular muscle in the body, and of the origin and distribution of the nerve supply. Two hundred and seven different muscles or muscular groups are named in the table, by means of which one hundred and sixty-three different motor acts are performed.  It may not be absolutely essential that every one of these should be held constantly in the memory, but those muscles, at least, which constitute the largest fleshy masses of the body, should be thoroughly studied and familiarized.